After rapid economic growth of 7.2% in the 2022-23 fiscal year, economic momentum has remained strong, with industrial production rising by 10.3% year-over-year (y/y) in August 2023 and GDP growth of 7.8% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2023. The S&P Global India Services PMI Business Activity Index for September signalled continued rapid expansion for output and new orders, while the September Manufacturing PMI survey also showed strong manufacturing operating conditions. Meanwhile CPI inflation pressures eased in September, with the headline CPI inflation rate moderating to 5.0% y/y in September, compared with 6.8% y/y in August.
India has also become an increasingly attractive location for multinationals across a wide range of industries, with foreign direct investment inflows (FDI) having reached a new record high of USD 85 billion in the 2021-22 fiscal year.
India’s rapid economic expansion continues in 2023
India’s GDP growth rate rose to a pace of 7.8% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2023, compared with growth of 6.1% y/y in the January-March quarter of 2023, according to data released by India’s National Statistical Office. The strong growth rate was despite high base year effects after GDP growth of 13.1% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2022.
Private consumption grew by 6.0% y/y in real terms in the April-June quarter of 2023, improving on the 2.8% y/y pace of growth recorded in the January-March quarter.
Gross domestic fixed capital formation remained strong, growing at a pace of 8.0% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2023 compared with 8.9% y/y growth in the January-March quarter of 2023 and buoyant growth of 20.4% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2022.
Construction output rose by 7.9% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2023 compared with the 10.4% y/y growth rate in the January-March quarter of 2023, still showing firm expansion despite high base year effects after growth of 16.0% y/y in the April-June quarter of 2022.
Rapid growth was also evident in key segments of the service sector, with output in the financial, real estate and professional services sector growing by 12.2% y/y in the April-June quarter, while output in trade, hotels, transport and communications services up by 9.2% y/y.
India’s industrial production grew by 10.3% y/y in August 2023, according to data released by the Government of India’s National Statistical Office, compared with a year-over-year rise of 6.0% in July. For the first five months of the 2023-24 fiscal year, industrial production rose by 6.1% y/y.
Manufacturing output rose by 9.3% y/y in August, with an increase of 1.2% month-over-month (m/m). For the first five months of the 2023-24 fiscal year, manufacturing output rose by 5.8% y/y. Crude steel production rose by 12.8% y/y in August, while consumption of finished steel rose by 16.9% y/y.
Electricity output showed very rapid growth of 15.3% y/y in August, with an 8.1% increase m/m. This reflected strong growth in electricity demand from households due to hot summer weather conditions.
Output of capital goods showed rapid growth of 12.6% y/y in August while output of infrastructure and construction goods rose by 14.9% y/y. For the first five months of the 2023-24 fiscal year, output of infrastructure and construction goods rose by 13.3% y/y, signalling strengthening investment expenditure due to sustained rapid growth in the Indian economy.
Output of consumer non-durables also showed rapid expansion at a pace of 9.0% y/y in August, while output of primary goods rose by 12.4% y/y in August.
The seasonally adjusted S&P Global India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) registered 57.5 in September, moderating slightly from 58.6 in August, but still signalling a strong rate of expansion in the manufacturing sector. New orders, the largest sub-component of the PMI, continued to rise, albeit at a softer pace in September.
Survey evidence indicated that Indian manufacturers were confident output volumes would increase over the course of the coming 12 months, with the overall level of positive sentiment improving to its highest in 2023 to date. Buoyant customer appetite, advertising, and expanded capacities all boosted optimism, according to anecdotal evidence. The positive outlook for production and demand strength fed through to another round of job creation in the manufacturing industry. Employment growth picked up since August and was strong by historical standards.
The seasonally adjusted S&P Global India Services PMI Business Activity Index rose from 60.1 in August to 61.0 in September, signalling a sharp upturn in output that was one of the strongest in over 13 years.
The latest data showed a substantial increase in new business placed with Indian service providers, one that was the second-fastest since June 2010. Anecdotal evidence indicated that market dynamics remained favourable, supporting demand. Advertising was also cited as a key factor boosting sales. Besides the rise in total sales, firms noted an upturn in export orders.
However, India’s exports of goods and services for the April-July 2023 period contracted by 6.0% y/y, due to a significant decline in merchandise exports of 14.5% y/y in the April-July quarter. The decline of merchandise exports was mitigated by strong growth in services exports, which rose by 7.8% y/y over the same period.
CPI inflation pressures have moderated
September PMI survey data showed a let-up in the recent surge in costs faced by Indian goods producers. After quickening to a one-year high in August, the rate of inflation receded to its lowest mark in over three years. Panellists indicated paying more for copper, electronic components, foodstuff, iron and steel, but noted lower costs for aluminium and oil. Nevertheless, reportedly driven by higher labour costs and demand strength, average prices charged by Indian manufacturers rose at a solid and faster rate that outpaced its long-run average.
The latest statistics on India’s consumer price index (CPI) showed that the headline CPI inflation rate fell sharply to 5.0% year over year in September, compared with 6.8% year over year in August.
The September CPI data has brought India’s CPI inflation rate back within the Reserve Bank of India (RBI’s) inflation target for CPI inflation of 4% within a band of +/- 2%.
A key factor contributing to the moderation in the headline CPI inflation rate was a substantial easing in the food and beverages CPI subindex. The food and beverages CPI subindex rose by 6.3% y/y in September, compared with an increase of 9.2% y/y in August and 10.6% y/y in July.
An important factor that contributed to the significant slowdown in the food and beverages CPI subindex was a sharp easing of the inflation rate for the vegetables CPI subindex, which rose by 3.4% y/y in September after surging by 26.1% y/y in August and 37.3% y/y in July. A very substantial moderation in prices for tomatoes, which had soared in mid-2023 owing to weather-related disruptions to production, was an important factor contributing to the moderation in vegetable prices. However, prices for pulses continued to show a strong increase, rising by 16.4% y/y in September compared with 13.0% y/y in August. A key concern for the Indian government has also been rapid rises in rice prices, with the overall cereals subindex up by 11.0% y/y in September, similar to the increase of 11.9% y/y for August.
High energy prices were an important factor contributing to India’s CPI inflation pressures over the past year, but have been easing in recent months, helped by some moderation in world oil prices during late 2022 and the first half of 2023, as well as the impact of base-year effects owing to the spike in world oil prices in the second quarter of 2022. The fuel and light subindex contracted by 0.1% y/y in September 2023, after having risen by 4.3% y/y in August. This was helped by increased government subsidies for LPG cylinders for qualifying households, which helped to constrain fuel costs for households.
The RBI in its October Monetary Policy Statement maintained its projected CPI inflation rate for the current fiscal year (2023-24) at 5.4%, the same rate as the y/y projection made in the August Monetary Policy Statement. This represents a significant moderation from the 6.5% rise in CPI inflation in fiscal year 2022-23. The near-term trajectory of CPI inflation was projected in the RBI October Monetary Policy Statement at 6.4% y/y for the July-September quarter, 5.6% y/y for the October to December quarter of fiscal 2023-24, moderating to 5.2% y/y in the January-March quarter of 2024.
The RBI’s October Monetary Policy Statement had correctly anticipated that the headline CPI inflation rate would likely moderate significantly in the September inflation data. However, the RBI also noted some risks to food production from the impact of the skewed south-west monsoon so far, as well as upward pressures on food prices due to a possible El Niño event as well as geopolitical hostilities. The renewed upturn in world oil prices since July has also added some additional upside risk factors to the inflation outlook.
Helped by strong economic growth conditions, residential property prices rose by an estimated 7% in 2022 and were estimated to have risen by around 5% y/y in the June quarter of 2023, according to the All-India Home Price Index of the Reserve Bank of India. Despite moderate monetary policy tightening by the Reserve Bank of India in 2022 and early 2023, residential property price rises were boosted by post-pandemic pent-up demand as well as rising construction costs. Residential property markets in New Delhi, Bangalore, and Pune were among the leaders in terms of price gains in 2022, with Delhi housing prices rising by an estimated 15% year over year in the June quarter of 2023, while housing prices rose by an estimated 7.6% y/y in Mumbai in the June quarter of 2023
Foreign direct investment
Net new foreign direct investment into India has risen very rapidly in recent years, with FDI reaching a new record level of USD 85 billion in the 2021-22 fiscal year, after inflows of USD 82 billion in the previous 2020-21 fiscal year. Although FDI inflows moderated to USD 71 billion in the 2022-23 fiscal year, this compares with FDI inflows of just USD 4 billion in the 2003-04 fiscal year.
The sustained large FDI inflows over the past decade have helped to reduce India’s external account vulnerability and have contributed to boost India’s FX reserves.
A key contributor to strong FDI inflows over the past decade has been technology-related FDI, which has become an important source of investment. The Computer Software and Hardware sector was the largest recipient of foreign direct investment equity inflows in the 2021-22 fiscal year, at around 25% of the total inflows.
US technology firms have been a key source of recent FDI inflows into India. In 2020, Google established the “Google for India Digitization Fund”, through which it announced plans to invest USD 10 billion into India over seven years through a mix of equity investments, partnerships, and operational, infrastructure and ecosystem investments. Also in 2020, Facebook announced an investment of USD 5.7 billion in Jio Platforms, owned by Reliance Industries Limited.
Infrastructure investments have also been an important sector for FDI inflows. A large FDI deal in 2020 was the USD 3.7 billion investment by Singapore’s GIC and Canada’s Brookfield Asset Management in the acquisition of Tower Infrastructure Trust, which owns Indian telecom towers assets.
In the 2020-21 fiscal year, FDI from Saudi Arabia also rose sharply, reaching USD 2.8 billion. Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund acquired a USD 1.5 billion stake in Jio Platforms and a USD 1.3 billion stake in Reliance Retail in 2020.
Reliance Retail also received investment from other foreign firms in 2020, with Singapore’s GIC and TPG Private Capital having invested a combined amount of USD 1 billion, while US private equity firm Silver Lake Partners also invested USD 1 billion.
By source of origin of FDI inflows, Singapore, Mauritius and United Arab Emirates were three of the four top sources of FDI inflows into India in FY 2022-23, alongside the USA. This highlights the growing importance of India’s bilateral economic and investment relationships with global financial hubs in emerging markets, in addition to strong ties with advanced economies like the USA, Japan, EU and UK.
In FY 2022-23, the state of Maharashtra accounted for the largest share of total FDI inflows, at 29% of the total. Karnataka accounted for a further 24% of FDI inflows, while Gujarat and Delhi were also major recipients of FDI inflows.
The rapid growth in numbers of Indian unicorns (start-ups that have achieved a valuation of over USD 1 billion) over the past five years has also become a major focus for foreign direct investment inflows into India. By mid-2023, there were an estimated 108 Indian unicorns, with 44 of these having reached unicorn status within the 2021 year and 21 in the 2022 year, according to Invest India, the National Investment Promotion & Facilitation Agency.
Indian economic outlook
After two years of rapid economic growth in 2021 and 2022, the Indian economy has continued to show sustained strong growth during the 2023 calendar year. The near-term economic outlook is for continued rapid expansion during the remainder of 2023 and for 2024, underpinned by strong growth in domestic demand.
The acceleration of foreign direct investment inflows into India over the past decade reflects the favourable long-term growth outlook for the Indian economy, helped by a youthful demographic profile and rapidly rising urban household incomes. India’s nominal GDP measured in USD terms is forecast to rise from USD 3.5 trillion in 2022 to USD 7.3 trillion by 2030. This rapid pace of economic expansion would result in the size of the Indian GDP exceeding Japanese GDP by 2030, making India the second largest economy in the Asia-Pacific region. By 2022, the size of Indian GDP had already become larger than the GDP of the UK and also France. By 2030, India’s GDP is also forecast to surpass Germany.
The long-term outlook for the Indian economy is supported by a number of key growth drivers. An important positive factor for India is its large and fast-growing middle class, which is helping to drive consumer spending. The rapidly growing Indian domestic consumer market as well as its large industrial sector have made India an increasingly important investment destination for a wide range of multinationals in many sectors, including manufacturing, infrastructure and services.
The digital transformation of India that is currently underway is expected to accelerate the growth of e-commerce, changing the retail consumer market landscape over the next decade. This is attracting leading global multinationals in technology and e-commerce to the Indian market.
By 2030, 1.1 billion Indians will have internet access, more than doubling from the estimated 500 million internet users in 2020. The rapid growth of e-commerce and the shift to 4G and 5G smartphone technology will boost home-grown unicorns like online e-commerce platform Mensa Brands, logistics startup Delhivery and the fast-growing online grocer BigBasket, whose e-sales have surged during the pandemic.
The large increase in FDI inflows to India that has been evident over the past five years is also continuing with strong momentum evident even during the pandemic years of 2020-2022. India’s strong FDI inflows have been boosted by large inflows of investments from global technology MNCs such as Google and Facebook that are attracted to India’s large, fast-growing domestic consumer market, as well as a strong upturn in foreign direct investment inflows from manufacturing firms.
Overall, India is expected to continue to be one of the world’s fastest growing economies over the next decade. This will make India one of the most important long-term growth markets for multinationals in a wide range of industries, including manufacturing industries such as autos, electronics and chemicals to services industries such as banking, insurance, asset management, health care and information technology.
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